{"id":735,"date":"2012-08-03T19:04:33","date_gmt":"2012-08-03T19:04:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=735"},"modified":"2026-03-09T20:02:31","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T20:02:31","slug":"unlawful-trespass","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=735","title":{"rendered":"Unlawful Trespass"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>CR28-851.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-851.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Land<\/a>\u00a0(actual communication), 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(a)(1)(A) (01\/31\/23)<\/li>\n<li>CR28-856.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-856.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Land<\/a> (signs or placards), 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(a)(1)(B) (01\/31\/23)<\/li>\n<li>CR28-858.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-858.htm\">Motor Vehicle<\/a>, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(c) (03\/09\/26)<\/li>\n<li>CR28-861.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-861.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Locked Building<\/a>, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(c) (03\/03\/06)<\/li>\n<li>CR28-871.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-871.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dwelling House<\/a>, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(d) (03\/03\/06)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reporter&#8217;s Note<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>CR28-851, -856 \u2013 Unlawful Trespass (Land).\u00a0 <\/strong>The third essential element\u2014the license element\u2014does not contain an implied notice requirement. <em>See<\/em> <u>State v. Richards<\/u>, 2021 VT 40, \u00b6 26, 215 Vt. 1 (affirming trial court\u2019s jury instructions).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fourth essential element requires proof that the defendant had received notice against trespass. The State can prove notice by \u201cactual communication,\u201d which is a \u201csubjective standard.\u201d <u>State v. MacFarland<\/u>, 2021 VT 87, \u00b6 34 (concluding that trial court \u201cshould have considered defendant&#8217;s actual subjective experience of the encounter with the bouncer; it is not enough to conclude that defendant \u2018refused\u2019 to leave the bar without explaining, to some extent, how that related to her state of mind at the time\u201d). Alternatively, \u201c[t]he statute allows notice to be proven with objective evidence of reasonable notice through signage and without showing that a defendant subjectively saw and understood the signs.\u201d\u00a0<u>State v. Pixley<\/u>, 2018 VT 110, \u00b6 13. The instructions given in\u00a0<u>Pixley<\/u>\u00a0\u201cproperly directed the jury that it could find defendant received notice \u2018if the owner, or the owner\u2019s agent posted signs or placards that were designated and situated in a manner that provided reasonable notice,\u2019\u201d and thus \u201caccurately reflected the notice element . . . .\u201d\u00a0<u>Id<\/u>. \u00b6 16.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>CR28-871 \u2013 Unlawful Trespass (Dwelling House).<\/strong> The unlawful trespass statute, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7\u00a03705(d), derives from the Model Penal Code.\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">State v. Fanger<\/span>, 164 Vt. 48, 52 (1995) (citing <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">State v. Kreth<\/span>, 150 Vt. 406, 409 (1988); Model Penal Code \u00a7 221.2(1)). The third essential element requires proof of the defendant\u2019s subjective knowledge that he or she was neither licensed nor privileged to do so.\u00a0This element may be satisfied by circumstantial evidence.\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">State v. Cram<\/span>, 2008 VT 55, \u00b6\u00b6 7\u201313, 184 Vt. 531 (mem.).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CR28-851.\u00a0 Land\u00a0(actual communication), 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(a)(1)(A) (01\/31\/23) CR28-856.\u00a0 Land (signs or placards), 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(a)(1)(B) (01\/31\/23) CR28-858.\u00a0 Motor Vehicle, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(c) (03\/09\/26) CR28-861.\u00a0 Locked Building, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 3705(c) (03\/03\/06) CR28-871.\u00a0 Dwelling House, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=735\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":460,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-735","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=735"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/735\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1859,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/735\/revisions\/1859"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/460"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}