{"id":1439,"date":"2018-10-18T18:31:33","date_gmt":"2018-10-18T18:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=1439"},"modified":"2024-01-23T21:04:26","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T21:04:26","slug":"hate-crime","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=1439","title":{"rendered":"Hate Crime"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>CR28-606.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtjuryinstructions.org\/criminal\/MS28-606.htm\">Hate Crime<\/a>, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 1455 (12\/06\/23)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reporter&#8217;s Note<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is not clear whether the legislature intended the hate crime statute to function as a penalty enhancement or a separate crime. As a practical matter, it seems prudent to treat it as a separate crime with a potential lesser-included offense. Bifurcation would probably not be appropriate because evidence that the defendant was motivated by the victim\u2019s \u201cprotected category\u201d would, in virtually all cases, be necessarily included in the State\u2019s case-in-chief for the underlying crime.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under the model instruction, simple assault charged as a hate crime, for example, would be charged as \u201chate-motivated simple assault,\u201d and the last essential element the State must prove would be the applicable \u201chate-motivated\u201d factor from 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 1455. If supported by the evidence, a charge on the lesser-included offense of simple assault (without the hate-motivating factor) would then follow.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The definition of \u201cmotivated\u201d is derived from the American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed. 2017) (online). The original version of the statute required that the defendant\u2019s conduct be \u201cmaliciously\u201d motivated. The legislature deleted the \u201cmaliciously\u201d requirement in a 2021 revision, and clarified that the conduct can be motivated \u201cin whole or in part\u201d by the victim\u2019s protected category. 2021, No. 34, \u00a7 1 (eff. May 18, 2021). The revision also states that the victim\u2019s protected category \u201cneed not be the predominant reason or the sole reason for the defendant\u2019s conduct.\u201d <u>Id<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Note that as of the 2021 amendment, the statute speaks in terms of the victim\u2019s \u201cprotected category\u201d, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 1455(a), and then defines \u201cprotected category\u201d to include several characteristics. <u>Id<\/u>. \u00a7 1455(c). In keeping with plain language, the model instruction does not use the term \u201cprotected category\u201d and instead contemplates that courts will refer directly to the applicable characteristics listed in subsection (c) in a case-specific manner.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the alleged motivating factor is the victim\u2019s disability, the hate crime statute prescribes that the term is as defined at 21 V.S.A. \u00a7 495d(5), and that definition is to be used in instructions to the jury. If further explanation of that term is necessary, courts should refer to the additional definitions provided in 21 V.S.A. \u00a7 495d(7)\u2013(11).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CR28-606.\u00a0 Hate Crime, 13 V.S.A. \u00a7 1455 (12\/06\/23) Reporter&#8217;s Note It is not clear whether the legislature intended the hate crime statute to function as a penalty enhancement or a separate crime. As a practical matter, it seems prudent to &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/?page_id=1439\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":899,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1439","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1439"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1739,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1439\/revisions\/1739"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vtjuryinstructions.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}